The FERRARI trial (2022) compared early intravenous diuretic therapy using 40 mg IV furosemide versus volume expansion in adults with acute intermediate high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) and right-ventricular (RV) dysfunction. Sixty patients with CT-confirmed PE, RV dilatation, dysfunction, and elevated … Read More
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Essence-TIMI 73b: Olezarsen Significantly Reduces Triglycerides in High-Risk Patients
Hypertriglyceridemia remains a major challenge in cardiovascular care, linked with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and pancreatitis. While lifestyle modifications and current lipid-lowering therapies can help, many patients still require additional treatment options. The Essence-TIMI 73b trial, published … Read More
VICTORION-Mono Trial: Inclisiran for Primary Prevention
Inclisiran in the Spotlight: The VICTORION-Mono Trial Shakes Up Primary Prevention Breaking New Ground in LDL-C Management A landmark study, VICTORION‑Mono (V‑Mono), reveals that inclisiran—a twice-yearly, small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to inhibit PCSK9—is significantly more effective than both placebo … Read More
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ECG Criteria Infographic
LVH Criteria on ECG 🧠 Remember: ECG has low sensitivity but high specificity for LVH. ✅ Sokolow-Lyon Criteria ✅ Cornell Criteria ✅ Romhilt-Estes Point Score System ⚡ LVH-Associated ST-T Changes (Strain Pattern)
Hyponatremia Management Algorithm
1. Starting Point Hyponatremia 2. Step 1: Rule out non-hypotonic causes 3. Step 2: Assess severity Decision: Acute or severe symptoms? 4. Step 3: Urine Osmolality Decision: Urine osmolality 5. Step 4: Urine Sodium Decision: Urine sodium 6. Step 5: … Read More
FARES-II Trial: PCC vs FFP in Cardiac Surgery
FARES-II Trial: PCC Outperforms Frozen Plasma in Managing Coagulopathic Bleeding During Cardiac Surgery In the FARES-II trial, researchers investigated whether Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC) could offer superior outcomes compared to frozen plasma for patients undergoing cardiac surgery who develop coagulopathic … Read More
Right Heart Catheterization: A Quick Interpretation Guide
Right Heart Catheterization (RHC) is a critical tool for diagnosing and managing various cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions. This invasive hemodynamic assessment provides real-time insight into the function and pressures of the right heart, pulmonary arteries, and left heart indirectly via … Read More
Altshock-2 Trial: IABP in Cardiogenic Shock
Altshock-2 Trial: Evaluating Early IABP Support in Cardiogenic Shock The Altshock-2 trial is a multicenter, prospective study designed to evaluate the efficacy of early intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support in patients with heart failure-related cardiogenic shock (HF-CS). This trial aimed … Read More
ASSET-IT Trial: Early Tirofiban Infusion in Stroke
The 2025 ASSET-IT trial investigated whether early intravenous infusion of tirofiban, an antiplatelet agent, following intravenous thrombolysis could improve outcomes in patients with acute noncardioembolic ischemic stroke who are not eligible for thrombectomy. This phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study … Read More
E3 Trial: Do e-Cigarettes Help Smokers Quit?
Published in JACC Advances, June 2025 The E3 Trial evaluated whether short-term use of nicotine or non-nicotine e-cigarettes, combined with counseling, improves smoking abstinence at 1 year. This multicenter, randomized controlled trial adds critical insight into smoking cessation strategies. 🧑⚕️ … Read More