A pneumothorax (collapsed lung) occurs when air enters the pleural space, disrupting normal lung expansion. Early recognition and appropriate management are critical to prevent progression to tension pneumothorax, a life-threatening emergency. This post breaks down the systematic approach to pneumothorax … Read More
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Approach to Acid-Base Disorders — A Stepwise Guide for Clinicians
Maintaining acid-base balance is vital for cellular function. Our bodies tightly regulate blood pH around 7.4, since even slight deviations can alter enzyme activity and protein structure. Let’s break down how clinicians approach acid-base disorders in a systematic way. Source … Read More
Antidiabetic Drugs and Their Mechanisms — A Simplified Overview
Antidiabetic Drugs and Their Mechanisms — A Simplified Overview Diabetes management today involves a wide range of medications, each targeting different organs and metabolic pathways to lower blood glucose levels. Understanding where and how each class of drug works can … Read More
ARREST Trial: Transfer to Cardiac Arrest Center after Out-of-Hospital CA
The ARREST Trial (2023) was a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled study that assessed whether expedited transfer of resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients without ST-elevation to a cardiac arrest center (CAC) improved outcomes compared with transfer to the nearest emergency … Read More
AQUATIC Trial: Aspirin + OAC in CAD
The AQUATIC trial (2025) was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study that evaluated the effect of adding aspirin to long-term oral anticoagulation in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) at high atherothrombotic risk. A total of 872 patients on oral anticoagulation … Read More
FERRRARI Trial: Diuretics or Volume Expansion in PE
The FERRARI trial (2022) compared early intravenous diuretic therapy using 40 mg IV furosemide versus volume expansion in adults with acute intermediate high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) and right-ventricular (RV) dysfunction. Sixty patients with CT-confirmed PE, RV dilatation, dysfunction, and elevated … Read More
Essence-TIMI 73b: Olezarsen Significantly Reduces Triglycerides in High-Risk Patients
Hypertriglyceridemia remains a major challenge in cardiovascular care, linked with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and pancreatitis. While lifestyle modifications and current lipid-lowering therapies can help, many patients still require additional treatment options. The Essence-TIMI 73b trial, published … Read More
VICTORION-Mono Trial: Inclisiran for Primary Prevention
Inclisiran in the Spotlight: The VICTORION-Mono Trial Shakes Up Primary Prevention Breaking New Ground in LDL-C Management A landmark study, VICTORION‑Mono (V‑Mono), reveals that inclisiran—a twice-yearly, small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to inhibit PCSK9—is significantly more effective than both placebo … Read More
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ECG Criteria Infographic
LVH Criteria on ECG 🧠 Remember: ECG has low sensitivity but high specificity for LVH. ✅ Sokolow-Lyon Criteria ✅ Cornell Criteria ✅ Romhilt-Estes Point Score System ⚡ LVH-Associated ST-T Changes (Strain Pattern)
Hyponatremia Management Algorithm
1. Starting Point Hyponatremia 2. Step 1: Rule out non-hypotonic causes 3. Step 2: Assess severity Decision: Acute or severe symptoms? 4. Step 3: Urine Osmolality Decision: Urine osmolality 5. Step 4: Urine Sodium Decision: Urine sodium 6. Step 5: … Read More